Methods of making cross-bridged macropolycycles

ABSTRACT

Improved synthesis of a macropolycycle, more particularly, of a cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This is a continuation under 35 USC §120 of U.S. application Ser.No. 09/380,675, filed Sep. 7, 1999 of which in turn claims priorityunder 37 U.S.C. §371 to PCT International Application Serial No.PCT/IB98/00299, filed Mar. 6, 1998 which claims priority under 37 USC§119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/039,920, filedMar. 7, 1997).

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention is in the field of macrocycle synthesis,more specifically, the synthesis of cross-bridged macrocycles havingutility as proton sponges or as ligands for metal binding, especiallyfor preparation of transition-metal containing oxidation catalystsuseful, for example, in laundry detergents. The present invention isalso directed to the synthesis of Mn-containing complexes ofcross-bridged macrocycles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Whereas macrocyclic chemistry, in general, is highly developed,the art of manufacturing cross-bridged macrocycles is new. Certain suchmacrocycles, such as cross-bridged derivatives of cyclam, have onlyrecently been synthesized in small amounts, and commercial processes arenot known. It would be highly desirable to have such processes, sincecross-bridged macrocycles have unique advantages as proton sponges orwhen used as ligands in the catalysis of bleaching.

[0004] Macrocycles have been made in numerous ways. See, for example,“Heterocyclic compounds: Aza-crown macrocycles”, J. S. Bradshaw et. al.,Wiley-Interscience, 1993, which also describes a number of syntheses ofsuch ligands. Though macrocycle synthesis is well developed in general,synthesis of cross-bridged macrocycles is not. Cross-bridged macrocyclesynthesis is rare and difficult, and involves multiple steps andunpleasant solvents (DMF, acetonitrile, or the like).

[0005] Cross-bridging, i.e., bridging across nonadjacent nitrogens, of aknown macrocycle, cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), is knownin limited context. It is, for example, described by Weisman et al, J.Amer. Chem. Soc., (1990), 112(23), 8604-8605. More particularly, Weismanet al., Chem. Commun., (1996), pp. 947-948, describe a range ofassertedly new cross-bridged tetraamine ligands which arebicyclo[6.6.2], [6.5.2], and [5.5.2] systems, and their complexation toCu(II) and Ni(II), demonstrating that the ligands coordinate the metalsin a cleft. Specific complexes reported include those of the ligands1.1:

[0006] in which A is hydrogen or benzyl and (a) m=n=1; or (b) m=1 andn=0; or (c) m=n=0, including a Cu(II)chloride complex of the ligandhaving A=H and m=n=1; Cu(II) perchlorate complexes where A=H and m=n=1or m=n=0; a Cu(II)chloride complex of the ligand having A=benzyl andm=n=0; and a Ni(II)bromide complex of the ligand having A=H and m=n=1.This handful of complexes appears to be the total of those known whereinthe bridging is not across “adjacent” nitrogens.

[0007] Weisman also provides a synthesis method for a cross-bridgedcyclam which uses three steps, two of which use acetonitrile as solvent.These steps are (1) reaction of a parent macrocycle with glyoxal to forma bisaminal and (2) quaternization of the bisaminal with methyl iodide,to form a dimethylated bisaminal diiodide. A further step, (3),reduction of the diquaternary intermediate produced in the second step,is required to make the desired product. This step uses ethanol assolvent. There is an apparent requirement to conduct the synthesis atrelatively high dilution, which is commercially unattractive. Yields areborderline for commercial utility (only 80% and 85% in the first andsecond steps, respectively.) In view of the desirable properties ofcross-bridged macrocycles as ligands and the limitations of the existingmethod of making such a macrocycle, there is a clear need and desire forimprovement in the synthesis of such cross-bridged macrocycles.

[0008] To summarize, current syntheses have one or more of the followinglimitations: (a) they use relatively environmentally undesirablesolvents, such as acetonitrile; (b) they may incorporate “high-dilution”steps, increasing solvent consumption; (c) they require switching fromone solvent to another in different stages of manufacture; increasingcost and complexity further, and (d) they are wasteful in calling forlarge excesses of materials such as alkyl halides and/or reducingagents.

[0009] Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to improve thesynthesis of cross-bridged macrocycles, and in particular, methods formaking cross-bridged derivatives of cyclam, and to provide methods forsynthesizing Mn-containing complexes with cross-bridged macrocyclicligands. These and other improvements are secured herein, as will beseen from the following disclosure.

BACKGROUND ART

[0010] See documents cited in the background. Also, Tabushi andco-workers, cited in Bradshaw et al., supra, make use of ethanol as asolvent for preparing a tetraazamacrocycle by dimerization. However, themacrocycle is not cross-bridged and the method described is not capableof forming a cross-bridged macrocycle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011]FIG. 1 is a process outline presented for purposes of orienting inthe present process. In a preferred embodiment, the present process hasa series of essential steps, marked (A), (B), and (C) in FIG. 1; theseare single steps, they are marked in bold, and they are conducted insequence. The process may also contain further operations, such as (D),(E) or (F), any one of which operations may comprise one or more stepsand which may be used to work up the crude product of the essentialprocess steps; the product may then be sold or used for furtherconversions, for example in one or more steps to make a usefultransition-metal bleach catalyst (G). The process desirably incorporatessolvent recycle from one or more of (A), (B), (C) and (when used), (D).

[0012]FIG. 2 is also a process outline for a preferred embodiment of theinvention. In this process, the bisaminal in step (A) is formed from arelatively inexpensive acyclic amine. In step (B) the bisaminal isconverted to a specific diquaternary derivative. In step (C) this isreduced. In step (D), reducing agent and solvent are separated in one ormore separation operations. In step (E), which in general is optionalbut is preferred if there is any appreciable amount of reducing agentleft after step D, residual hydride is removed. In step (F) the product,a cross-bridged macrocycle suitable for forming transition metalcomplexes which are useful bleach catalysts in detergents, is isolated.In step (G) optionally including one or more purification steps on thefinal product, transition metal complex of the cross-bridged macrocycleis formed. (A)-(G) occur in the indicated sequence.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method forpreparing a cross-bridged macropolycycle, preferably a cross-bridgedtetraazamacrocycle, comprising a series of steps, preferably three stepsin sequence, of derivatizing cyclam or a particular acyclic tetraamine,wherein said series of steps is carried out using in common in each ofsaid steps, substantially one solvent system. Preferably, said solventsystem is an alcoholic solvent system; more preferably the solventsystem comprises from about 60% to 100% of a C1-C4 alcohol, such asmethanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, ormixtures thereof; ethanol and 2-propanol are preferred. More generally,and in preferred embodiments, mixtures of lower alcohol and, forexample, from about 0.1% to about 70% water, more typically from about1% to about 40% water, can also be useful and economic. In a highlypreferred embodiment, said solvent system is substantially ethanol ormixtures thereof with water. The solvent system is preferably completelyfree from acetonitrile. Accordingly, the invention secures a “one-pot”method for making the cross-bridged macrocycle. “One pot” methods ingeneral are highly advantageous—they permit reduced investment inmanufacturing steps and equipment. Such an advantage is secured by thepresent process, which is simple, economic, and improved in terms ofenvironmental acceptability.

[0014] The invention further relates to a method for preparing across-bridged macropolycycle comprising a series of steps ofderivatizing cyclam or a particular acyclic tetraamine including a stepof quaternizing an intermediate using a quaternizing agent, wherein saidstep is carried out using a minimized amount of said quaternizing agent.

[0015] The invention further relates to a method for preparing across-bridged macropolycycle comprising an alternate first step offorming a bisaminal by (i) reacting a suitable acyclic tetraamine withglyoxal to form a tricyclic macropolycycle and (ii) converting thetricyclic compound to the bisaminal by reacting it with a dihaloalkane,preferably and more generally a compound selected from the groupconsisting of α,{overscore (ω)}-dichloroalkanes, α,{overscore(ω)}-dibromooalkanes, α,{overscore (ω)}-diiodoalkanes, α,{overscore(ω)}-ditosylalkanes and mixtures thereof, more preferably α,{overscore(ω)}-dibromooalkanes or α,{overscore (ω)}-ditosylalkanes.

[0016] Preferably, the method of the invention has a second step whichis carried out using less than about fifteen-fold of said quaternizingagent; typically, levels of about five-fold to about 10-fold of saidquaternizing agent can be practiced. “Reagents” herein are materials,such as the glyoxal of step A, the quaternizing agent of step B, or thereducing agent of step C, which are chemically reacted with amacrocycle. Ratios of reagents herein, unless otherwise noted, areexpressed on a molar basis; thus the term “three-fold” with respect toan amount of reagent over an amount of macrocycle means that the amountof reagent is three times the number of moles of the macrocycle it isbeing used to functionalize. A suitable quaternizing agent is methyliodide, but the present method contains the further improvement ofproviding alternative, more environmentally attractive quaternizingagents further illustrated hereinafter.

[0017] In another aspect, the present invention encompasses a method forpreparing a cross-bridged macropolycycle comprising a series of steps ofderivatizing cyclam or a particular acyclic tetraamine including a stepof reducing a diquaternized intermediate, wherein said step is carriedout using a minimized amount of reducing agent. Preferably, said step iscarried out using an amount of less than about fifteen-fold of saidreducing agent. More typically, the reducing agent is from about 2.5-fold to about 10-fold the amount of macrocycle, on a molar basis.

[0018] In general, any suitable reducing agent, both catalytic andnon-catalytic, may be used. For example, a tube reactor containingmaterials for catalytic hydrogenation providing a locally highconcentration of reducing species can be used. Alternately, a preferredgroup of reducing agents herein, especially for the one-pot process, arenon-catalytic reducing agents. For example Zn/HCl is a well-knownreducing agent having the advantage that it can be used in water, andcan be used herein. Preferred non-catalytic reducing agents are hydridecompounds; more preferred are hydride compounds which can be used in wet(water-containing) systems. Preferred hydride compounds are borohydrideand borane. Suitable borohydride compounds are selected from sodiumborohydride and potassium borohydride. Less preferably, lithiumborohydride can be used. When using borohydrides in methanol or ethanolherein, pH may be adjusted using small amounts of alkali to limitwasteful decomposition and release of hydrogen from the hydride.2-propanol and t-butanol have known advantages of producing lesswasteful hydrogen evolution than, say, methanol or ethanol.

[0019] The invention also encompasses a method in which sodium ion issubstantially absent. The terms “substantially absent” or “substantiallyfree” in connection with a material herein mean that the material is notdeliberately added, though adventitious amounts are permissible.Surprisingly, sodium ion, though usable, has some adverse effect on themethod, so sodium ion, other than adventitious amounts, are excluded incertain preferred embodiments.

[0020] Although the invention overall is not so limited, in a furtheraspect, the present invention relates to a method having each of theforegoing steps, in sequence. As noted, the steps can be carried out in“one pot” to secure the maximum advantages. Of course, the practitionermay choose not to secure the maximum benefits, for example if thedifferent steps are carried out at multiple manufacturing locations, orfor other reasons, such as a desire to use a specialized hydrogenationreactor in the third step. In this instance, practitioners may stillavail themselves of the improvements in any one or two of the individualsteps in any one manufacturing location or facility.

[0021] In preferred embodiments, the invention further relates to themethod described hereinabove which is carried out in the absence of anystep of vacuum distilling an intermediate; and to a method which iscarried out at low temperatures, especially wherein said quaternizationand reduction steps are carried out at the low temperatures of fromabout ambient temperature to about 50° C., more preferably lower thanabout 50° C.

[0022] In preferred embodiments, all steps are carried out atconcentrations of the reactants of about 7% or higher, by weight intotal of the sum of reactants plus solvent; preferably, theconcentrations of the reactants exceeds about 15% in total of the sum ofreactants plus solvent. This permits the use of smaller and less costlymanufacturing plant and the use of lower, safer amounts of flammablematerials.

[0023] As will already be apparent, the invention secures numerousadvantages in relation to the manufacture of cross-bridged macrocycles,as non-limitingly illustrated by cross-bridged cyclam derivatives.Indeed the advantages of the present method make a substantialdifference to the possibility of commercially producing cross-bridgedmacrocycles for the useful purposes outlined in the background.

[0024] Finally, the present invention relates to a method for producinga complex of Mn with a cross-bridged macrocyclic ligand. Said methodcomprises preparing said complex, preferably under strictly oxygen andhydroxyl-free (ideally completely anhydrous) conditions by reaction ofMnCl₂ with a cross-bridged macropolycycle.

[0025] All ratios, proportions and percentages are by weight unlessotherwise specifically indicated. An exception is yields. Yields aregiven as percentages obtained of the amounts expected for completechemical reaction according to the equations given. Percentage yieldscan, of course, be computed on either a weight or a mole basis, giventhe designated reactions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention involves aprocess or method having three essential steps, (A), (B) and (C) asshown in FIG. 1, optionally followed by additional steps. In one suchembodiment,

[0027] Step (A) is non-limitingly illustrated as follows:

[0028] The above step, the yield of which is from about 85% to 100%,typically near quantitative (100%), can be carried out using ethanol asa solvent and a concentration of reactants of 7%. The reagent, glyoxal,can be used pure or undiluted, or as a solution, for example and aqueoussolution. More generally, in this step, the concentration of reactantsby weight in the sum of all solvents including water, if present, is inthe range from about 7% to about 20%, or higher. Thus, cyclam isslurried at 7% in ethanol. The slurry is stirred using any convenientstirring means, such as a mechanically driven paddle stirrer. The abovedepicted co-reactant, glyoxal, is dripped in, preferably keeping thetemperature below about 35° C. More generally, the temperature can be inthe range from about 10° C. to about 40° C. After the addition reactionis over, typically within one hour, more generally in from about 10 min.to about 3 hours, it is found to be quantitative by any suitable means,for example C-13 NMR. Step (A) and all other steps herein can in generalbe conducted at atmospheric pressure, or overpressures if desired. Theterm “overpressures” herein means pressures greater than atmospheric.Although preferred embodiments of the invention include those conductedat atmospheric pressure, any step or steps can be conducted atoverpressures, for example to contain volatile solvents or reagentsabove their normal boiling-points. The cis-tetracycle (product of step(A)) is not isolated; rather it is kept in the reaction solvent and theprocess proceeds to step (B).

[0029] In another preferred embodiment, the cis-tetracycle is preparedusing the following scheme:

[0030] This alternate procedure is referred to as alternate Step (A),comprising step A (i) and step A(ii) as shown. In more detail, asuitable tetramine, N,N′-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine, isreacted with glyoxal, typically about 1-10 molar equivalents, preferablyfrom about 0.8 to about 1.5 molar equivalents, very suitably 1 molarequivalent, in a solvent, ethanol being preferred, at temperatures inthe range from about 0 to 100° C., more preferably 0 to 25° C., for aperiod of from about 1 min. to about 7 days, preferably from about 15min. to about 2 hours. The intermediate product, a tricycle of the shownstructure, can either be isolated by distillation or can be furtherreacted to form the cis-tetracycle without changing reactor. Theconversion of the tricycle to the cis-tetracycle can suitably beconducted using a 1,3-dihalopropane, typically 1,3-dibromopropane, orthe ditosylate of 1,3-propanediol can alternatively be used. Suitablesolvents are ethanol (ideal for one-pot purposes) or acetonitrile. Abase is used to prevent the tricyclic amine reactant from protonating asthe reaction continues. Suitable bases can vary widely and can includepotassium carbonate or organic bases which are resistant to alkylation,such as di-isopropylethylamine (Köenig's base). The amount of the baseis typically from 1-10 equivalents, preferably from about 2 equivalentsto about 6 equivalents. The reaction temperature is in the range fromabout 0 to 100° C., more preferably 0 to 30° C., for a period of fromabout 15 min. to about 7 days, preferably from about 30 min. to about 2hours. Depending on the base used, workup can vary. With potassiumcarbonate, for example, the reaction mixture is filtered to remove solidbase and the filtrate is evaporated to yield the cis-tetracycle as asolid. With an organic base, the solvent is evaporated and the evaporateis distilled. Step (B) is non-limitingly illustrated as follows:

[0031] After making the cis tetracycle (product of any variation ofstep(A) ), this material is quaternized, as non-limitingly illustratedusing alkyl halide (CH₃I) in the reaction scheme. Such a step has ayield of about 80%, or higher. Yields of 80% can typically be achieved.More generally, in this step, the concentration of reactants by weightin the sum of all solvents including water, if present, is in the rangefrom about 7% to about 20%, or higher. In a preferred embodiment, fromabout 2.01 to about 14 equivalents, preferably from about 2.5 to about 8equivalents, for example 7 equivalents of methyl iodide are added to thereaction solution and the reaction is stirred using any convenientmeans, such as a mechanically driven stirrer (sparkless motor). Moregenerally, any one or more alkyl halides can be used, for example amixture of methyl iodide and 1-iodopropane. As will be seen from theworking examples hereinafter, by introducing a second alkyl halide inaddition to methyl iodide, step (B) is thereby modified to allow accessto additional macrocyclic compounds as alternate products of the presentprocess. The temperature is maintained in the general range from about10° C. to about 38° C., more preferably from about 15° C. to about 30°C. At the low end of these reaction temperatures, there is a tendencyfor more monoquaternized intermediate (not shown in the reactionsequence) to precipitate. At the high end of these reactiontemperatures, there is more tendency to form undesired byproducts, suchas a triquaternized derivative (also not shown in the reactionsequence). Desirably, in view of byproduct formation tendencies,mono-quat intermediate is precipitated; but in order to maximizereaction rate, measures are taken to keep the particle size small andthe surface area of intermediate mono-quat as high as possible. Vigorousstirring, small adjustments of the solvent system, or compatibleadditives, for example inert water-soluble nonsodium salts, can help.Illustrative of reaction time in step (B) is a period of from about 0.5hours to 72 hours. Typical reaction times when not taking any specialmeasures to accelerate reaction are from about 24 hours to about 72hours, for example about 48 hours. The monoquat intermediate referred tosupra usually begins to separate from solution about 1 hour afteraddition of methyl iodide. The reaction can desirably be monitored, forexample by C-13 NMR. When reaction to form diquat is complete theethanol can, if desired, be siphoned off (this is convenient, especiallyfor the one-pot variation of the present process). Solvents aredesirably recycled in this and all other steps where recycle ispossible. Recycle can be by any convenient means, for example by meansof conventional distillation apparatus. Solid product of step (B) can bewashed with ethanol, typically several times, to remove excess methyliodide. Step (B) can be conducted at atmospheric pressure; however, anysuitable overpressure may be quite desirable when the quaternizing agentis low-boiling.

[0032] Other alkyl halides, such as chloromethane, or, more generally,other quaternizing agents such as dimethyl sulfate or methyltosylate,can be substituted in the above procedure. As noted, faster reactiontimes occur when the mono-quat is solubilized, but faster reactiontimes, for example using dimethyl sulfate/water/ethanol, may increasetendency to form an undesired tri-quat.

[0033] As noted, the desired product of this step, the di-quat compoundshown in the illustration, is derived from an initially-formed andpractically insoluble mono quat. Note that in relative terms, thedi-quat compound is even more insoluble than the mono-quat. In order toaccelerate the reaction, it might have been thought desirable tosolublize the mono-quat; however, excessive solubilization of mono-quatintermediate, which, in turn, may lead to undesirable solubilization ofdiquat, is avoided in preferred embodiments of the present process,thereby limiting formation of undesired, tri quat byproduct.

[0034] Step (C) is non-limitingly illustrated as follows:

[0035] Step (C) is a reduction step, having typical yield of 80% orhigher. The solids from the diquat reaction of step (B) are dissolved inwater and ethanol is added to make a 80% ethanol solution; the finalconcentration of the diquat is 20% by weight in the total of solvents(for example 81:19 ethanol:water by weight). More generally, C1-C4 loweralcohol may be used in all of steps (A), (B) and (C) and in step (C) apreferred solvent system comprises from about 50% to about 95% loweralcohol and the balance water. An excess, preferably from about 3 toabout 10, for example, 6, equivalents of sodium borohydride are addedslowly, with stirring using any convenient means. For convenience, theborohydride may, for example, by slurried in a portion of solvent andadded as the slurry, if it is desired to avoid solids-handling andobtain excellent control of the addition. On addition of theborohydride, the reaction becomes very exothermic. Temperature ismaintained in the range from about 0° C. to about 80° C., morepreferably from about 20° C. to about 50°, using cooling means such asan ice bath if needed. Once all borohydride is added, the reactionmixture is stirred, generally from about 1.5-72 hours, typically up toethanol reflux. Longer reaction times at relatively lower temperaturesare safest in this step (C) and safety may be further enhanced bypassage of an inert gas, such as nitrogen, to flush out hydrogen,especially from the reactor headspace. Suitable reducing agents hereininclude the borohydrides, but preferably, non-sodium salt forms.Reaction is optionally monitored by ion spray mass spec. Thisconstitutes the end of the basic process: it will be seen that all theabove has been accomplished using ethanol or equivalent lower alkanol(preferably with some water) as the solvent. The crude product is usefulas an intermediate for further processing as illustrated herein.

[0036] Steps (D)-(G)

[0037] As can be seen from FIG. 1 and further illustrated in FIG. 2, anyof a range of alternative steps or combination of steps may follow step(C). For example, once the step (C) reaction is finished, a stepidentified as (E) in FIG. 1. can be used. In such a step, the pH isadjusted to between 1 and 2 with 37% HCl (slow addition of acid isrequired, reaction is very exothermic) and the reaction solution isconcentrated at reduced pressure to a thick slurry. The thick slurry isthen made basic (pH>14), for example with 8M KOH. If desired, productcan be extracted with toluene and subjected to further purification,such as by distillation. Preferred embodiments of the instant invention,however, include those not having vacuum distillation as a requirement.

[0038] An alternative procedure for workup, (D) in FIG. 1, simplyinvolves evaporating to dryness the crude product of step (C); theorganic product is then separated from residual salts by extraction withethanol. Another alternative workup, (F), is illustrated by a directdistillation of the desired product from the crude reaction mixture. Theproduct can then be used for conversion to useful transition-metalcomplexes, especially the dichloro-Mn(II) complex, which are effectivebleach catalysts, preferably by the present invention process byreaction with MnCl₂.

[0039] In more detail, with reference to FIG. 2, a preferred workupsequence comprises the steps of (D) (i) reducing agent removal, forexample by simple filtration, (D) (ii) solvent removal, for example byevaporation, (E) residual hydride removal, for example by usingacid-treatment followed by base treatment as defined supra, and (F)separation of the desired cross-bridged macrocycle, for example bydistillation. The product of step (F) is used in subsequent step (G) toform a transition-metal complex, for example a complex of manganese.

[0040] A preferred product of the present process (product of step (C)),is 5,12-dimethyl-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane. Thisproduct is obtained when cyclam is used as the parent macrocycle.However, the invention methods should not be taken as limited to thisparticular material, as it is equally amenable to the preparation of anyone of a wide range of cross-bridged macrocycles. For example, any oneor more substituent moieties such as alkyl or alkaryl moieties, may bepresent, covalently attached to the parent macrocycle used in step (A).Moreover, other macrocycles can be made by the process through thevariation of adding methyl halide along with another alkyl halide instep (B). Thus, for example,5-n-butyl-12-methyl-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane can beprepared by the present process by use of a mixture of 1-iodobutane andmethyl iodide, very preferably by consecutive reaction first of anequivalent of iodobutane then an equivalent of methyl iodide, in step(B). Similarly, the present process can be used to prepare thecross-bridged macrocycle5-benzyl-12-methyl-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane, simply byuse of the variation of adding methyl iodide and benzyl bromide, insteadof only methyl iodide, in step (B). All of these cross-bridgedmacrocycles can thus be prepared using the desirable features of theinvention, for example their independence from use of dimethylformamideor acetonitrile and their improved yields, especially in step (A), allto great economic advantage.

[0041] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, themacrocyclic ligand is reacted directly with manganese as an inorganicsalt free of organic ligands such as pyridine, to form usefultransition-metal complexes. The source of manganese chloride can includeanalytical and technical grades, and can be fully anhydrous or onlypartly anhydrous. Manganese chloride is commercially available fromChemetals Corp., Spectrum Bulk Chemicals Corp., American InternationalChemical Inc., Barker Industries Inc., and Mineral Research andDevelopment Corp. As noted in Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopedia, manganesechloride can be prepared from the carbonate or oxide by dissolving it inhydrochloric acid. Heavy-metal contamination can be removed byprecipitation through the addition of manganese carbonate whichincreases the pH. Following filtration, the solution can be concentratedand upon cooling, crystals of MnCl₂.4H₂O are collected. If an anhydrousproduct is desired, dehydration in a rotary dryer to a final temperatureof 220° C. is required. Anhydrous manganese chloride can also be made byreaction of manganese metal, carbonate or oxide, and dry hydrochloricacid. Manganese chloride is manufactured by Chemetals Corp., using aprocess in which manganese(II) oxide is leached with hydrochloric acid.Manganese carbonate is added after completion of the initial reaction toprecipitate the heavy-metal impurities. Following filtration of theimpurities, the solution is concentrated and cooled and the manganesechloride is isolated. Gradual heating in a rotary dryer above 200° C.gives anhydrous manganese chloride. For top quality MnCl_(2.)xH₂Ogrades, the starting-material is manganese metal or high purity MnO. Tomake anhydrous MnCl₂ directly, manganese metal or ferromanganese ischlorinated at 700° C. to 1000° C. Any iron trichloride initiallypresent in the product is removed by sublimation. For more detail onmanganese chloride, see Kirk Othmer's Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology, 4th Ed., Wiley, 1991, “Manganese Compounds”, pp 991 andfollowing. It is an advantage of the present invention to be able toproceed all the way from step (A) to step (G) (see FIG. 1) withouthaving to make an intermediate complex of manganese with an organicligand. Moreover, although high-purity manganese chloride grades,especially those which are totally anhydrous, work very well in theinstant invention, it is a further advantage to be able to use gradessuch as the 98%+ grade and the 99% grade which are not totally anhydrousand are available at substantially lower cost. On the other hand, forthe most exacting purity, it can be desirable and is equally encompassedherein to use a manganese chloride which has been made by the anhydrousroute from the pure metal.

[0042] The macropolycyclic ligands herein (product of step (C)) can bereacted with manganese chloride in any convenient manner. See Examples10 and 11, in each, see (b), Method (II). Any variation of suchnon-limiting illustrations of the process for step (G) of the instantinvention are encompassed herein; for example, argon or nitrogen anddegassing procedures while they can be useful for best results can bedispensed with, especially in larger-scale commercial operation;likewise rotary evaporation and other laboratory-scale procedures canreadily be scaled up to commercial-scale equipment. Any convenientorganic solvent can be used, for example acetonitrile, though othersolvents are also possible. Typically the step (G) conversion ofmacrocyclic ligand to transition-metal complex is conducted attemperatures from about ambient to about 100° C., preferably from about40° C. to about 80° C.; and no water is deliberately added to thesolvent system. Pressures are typically atmospheric, though higherpressures may be used if desired, for example to help contain volatilesolvents.

[0043] The present invention is further non-limitingly illustrated bythe following examples.

EXAMPLE 1

[0044] The method of the invention illustrated by steps (A)+(B)+(C) asdescribed in detail hereinabove is carried out using the followingparameters:

[0045] Step A Reagents: Parent macrocycle, MW 506.21, 10 moles

[0046] Step B reagents: Product of step A and Methyl Iodide

[0047] Step C reagents: Product of Step B and Sodium Borohydride.

[0048] All steps are conducted in a single reaction vessel equipped witha mechanical stirrer and means for gas inlet and outlet. Purging ofhydrogen is accomplished using nitrogren or argon. Total Reagent Reagent(mole ratio concen- Press. Temp Time to tration (atm.) (° C.) (hrs.)macrocycle) (%) Solvent Step (A) 1 30  1 1:1 7 Ethanol/ Water (97:3vol.)* Step (B) 1 38 48 6:1 7 Solvent of Step A Step (C) 1 40 24 6:1 20%Ethanol/ Water (80:20 vol.)* Alternate 1 78  2 4:1 20% Ethanol/ StepWater (C) (80:20 vol.)*

EXAMPLE 2

[0049] The method of Example 1 is repeated, except that an equal numberof moles of dimethylsulfate replaces the methyl iodide.

EXAMPLE 3

[0050] The method of Example 1 is repeated, except that potassiumborohydride replaces sodium borohydride in equimolar amount.

EXAMPLE 4

[0051] The method of Example 1 is repeated, except that the solventsystem is ethanol-only in steps A and B.

EXAMPLE 5

[0052] The method of Example 1 is repeated, except that the solventsystem is substantially water.

EXAMPLE 6

[0053] The method of Example 1 is repeated, except that steps A and Bare carried out in the original reaction vessel while step C isconducted in a second reaction vessel. The first reaction vessel is thenfreed from the requirement to handle hydrogen evolution.

EXAMPLE 7

[0054] The method of Example 1 is repeated, except that the reagentratio to macrocycle is 1.1-fold, 3-fold and 3-fold in steps (A), (B) and(C) respectively. (In the terms given in the Table of Example 1, column5 numbers are 1.1:1, 3:1 and 3:1). In another variation, a mixture ofmethyl iodide and 1-iodobutane replaces the methyl iodide of Example 1,demonstrating that the present process can be used to prepare differentkinds of cross-bridged macrocycles.

EXAMPLE 8

[0055] Purification of the product of Example 1. (Conventional). Aqueousphase crude product from Example 1 is extracted with 5 portions oftoluene. The extracts are combined and evaporated. The product is vacuumdistilled at 100° C., 0.1 mm Hg.

EXAMPLE 9

[0056] This example further illustrates the conversion of product ofExample 1, after purification, to a useful bleach catalyst by thepresent invention process.

[0057] Reagents according to the present invention are in anhydrousform. Product of Example 1 after conventional purification (for exampledistillation) is slurried in a 10% solution of acetonitrile and degassedwith argon. Anhydrous MnCl₂ (more economically, 98% or 99% grade) isthen added and the reaction refluxed under argon for 4 hours. Reactioncan be monitored qualitatively by color; pale blue being positiveindication reaction is proceeding normally—any ingress of air may causedarkening. The reaction mixture is then filtered hot through a glassmicro fiber filter and, if desired, again through a 0.2 micron filter.Filtrate is then concentrated at reduced pressure to dryness and thesolids suspended and washed 5X in 2 volumes of toluene and then filteredand dried.

EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of [Mn(Bcyclam)Cl₂ ]

[0058] This example also further illustrates the conversion of productof Example 1, after purification, to a useful bleach catalyst.

[0059] (a) Method I.

[0060] The “Bcyclam”,(5,12-dimethyl-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane) , is theproduct of the process of the invention. Bcyclam (1.00 g., 3.93 mmol) isdissolved in dry CH₃CN (35 mL, distilled from CaH₂). The solution isthen evacuated at 15 mm until the CH₃CN begins to boil. The flask isthen brought to atmospheric pressure with Ar. This degassing procedureis repeated 4 times. Mn(pyridine)₂Cl₂ (1.12 g., 3.93 mmol), synthesizedaccording to the literature procedure of H. T. Witteveen et al., J.Inorg. Nucl. Chem. (1974), 36, 1535, is added under Ar. The cloudyreaction solution slowly begins to darken. After stirring overnight atroom temperature, the reaction solution becomes dark brown withsuspended fine particulates. The reaction solution is filtered with a0.2μ filter. The filtrate is a light tan color. This filtrate isevaporated to dryness using a rotoevaporator. After drying overnight at0.05 mm at room temperature, 1.35 g. off-white solid product iscollected, 90% yield.

[0061] Elemental Analysis: % Mn, 14.45; % C, 44.22; % H, 7.95;theoretical for [Mn(Bcyclam)Cl₂], MnC₁₄H₃₀N₄Cl₂, MW=380.26. Found: % Mn,14.98; % C, 44.48; % H, 7.86; Ion Spray Mass Spectroscopy shows onemajor peak at 354 mu corresponding to [Mn(Bcyclam)(formate)]⁺.

[0062] (b) Method II (Present Invention Process).

[0063] Freshly distilled Bcyclam (25.00 g., 0.0984 mol), which is theproduct of the present process, is dissolved in dry CH₃CN (900 mL,distilled from CaH₂). The solution is then evacuated at 15 mm until theCH₃CN begins to boil. The flask is then brought to atmospheric pressurewith Ar. This degassing procedure is repeated 4 times. MnCl₂ (11.25 g.,0.0894 mol) is added under Ar. The cloudy reaction solution immediatelydarkens. After stirring 4 hrs. under reflux, the reaction solutionbecomes dark brown with suspended fine particulates. The reactionsolution is, if desired, filtered through a 0.2μ filter under dryconditions. The filtrate is a light tan color. This filtrate isevaporated to dryness using a rotoevaporator. The resulting tan solid isdried overnight at 0.05 mm at room temperature. The solid is suspendedin toluene (100 mL) and heated to reflux. The toluene is decanted offand the procedure is repeated with another 100 mL of toluene. Thebalance of the toluene is removed using a rotoevaporator. After dryingovernight at 0.05 mm at room temperature, 31.75 g. of a light blue solidproduct is collected, 93.5% yield.

[0064] Elemental Analysis: % Mn, 14.45; % C, 44.22; % H, 7.95; % N,14.73; % Cl, 18.65; theoretical for [Mn(Bcyclam)Cl ₂], MnC₁₄H₃₀N₄Cl₂,MW=380.26. Found: % Mn, 14.69; % C, 44.69; % H, 7.99; % N, 14.78; % Cl,18.90 (Karl Fischer Water, 0.68%). Ion Spray Mass Spectroscopy shows onemajor peak at 354 mu corresponding to [Mn(Bcyclam)(formate)]⁺.

EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of [Mn(C₄-Bcyclam)Cl₂] whereC₄-Bcyclam=5-n-butyl-12-methyl-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane

[0065]

[0066] (a) C₄-Bcyclam Synthesis

[0067] The following synthesis method is conventional and is includedfor comparative purposes; however the product, (III) (see hereinafter)is another macrocycle which can be manufactured by thehereinabove-described process of the present invention, simply byaddition of an additional alkyl halide, 1-iodobutane, to step (B) of theinstant process. Tetracyclic adduct (I) can be made using step (A) ofthe instant process, or, for comparison, can be prepared by theliterature method of H. Yamamoto and K. Maruoka, J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,(1981), 103, 4194. I (3.00 g., 13.5 mmol) is dissolved in dry CH₃CN (50mL, distilled from CaH₂). 1-Iodobutane (24.84 g., 135 mmol) is added tothe stirred solution under Ar. The solution is stirred at roomtemperature for 5 days. 4-Iodobutane (12.42 g., 67.5 mmol) is added andthe solution is stirred an additional 5 days at RT. Under theseconditions, I is fully mono-alkylated with 1-iodobutane as shown by¹³C-NMR. Methyl iodide (26.5 g, 187 mmol) is added and the solution isstirred at room temperature for an additional 5 days. The reaction isfiltered using Whatman #4 paper and vacuum filtration. A white solid,II, is collected (6.05 g., 82%).

[0068]¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) 16.3, 21.3, 21.6, 22.5, 25.8, 49.2, 49.4, 50.1,51.4, 52.6, 53.9, 54.1, 62.3, 63.5, 67.9, 79.1, 79.2 ppm. Electro sprayMass Spec. (MH⁺/2, 147).

[0069]II (6.00 g., 11.0 mmol) is dissolved in 95% ethanol (500 mL).Sodium borohydride (11.0 g., 290 mmol) is added and the reaction turnsmilky white. The reaction is stirred under Ar for three days.Hydrochloric acid (100 mL, concentrated) is slowly dripped into thereaction mixture over 1 hour. The reaction mixture is evaporated todryness using a rotoevaporator. The white residue is dissolved in sodiumhydroxide (500 mL, 1.00N). This solution is extracted with toluene(2×150 mL). The toluene layers are combined and dried with sodiumsulfate. After removal of the sodium sulfate using filtration, thetoluene is evaporated to dryness using a rotoevaporator. The resultingoil is dried at room temperature under high vacuum (0.05 mm) overnight.A colorless oil results 2.95 g., 90%. This oil (2.10 g.) is distilledusing a short path distillation apparatus (still head temperature 115 C.at 0.05 mm). Yield: 2.00 g. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) 14.0, 20.6, 27.2, 27.7,30.5, 32.5, 51.2, 51.4, 54.1, 54.7, 55.1, 55.8, 56.1, 56.5, 57.9, 58.0,59.9 ppm. Mass Spec. (MH⁺, 297).

[0070] (b) [Mn(C₄-Bcyclam)Cl₂] Synthesis (According to the presentinvention)

[0071] C₄-Bcyclam (2.00 g., 6.76 mmol) is slurried in dry CH₃CN (75 mL,distilled from CaH₂). The solution is then evacuated at 15 mm until theCH₃CN begins to boil. The flask is then brought to atmospheric pressurewith Ar. This degassing procedure is repeated 4 times. MnCl₂ (0.81 g.,6.43 mmol) is added under Ar. The tan, cloudy reaction solutionimmediately darkens. After stirring 4 hrs. under reflux, the reactionsolution becomes dark brown with suspended fine particulates. Thereaction solution is filtered through a 0.2μ membrane filter under dryconditions. The filtrate is a light tan color. This filtrate isevaporated to dryness using a rotoevaporator. The resulting white solidis suspended in toluene (50 mL) and heated to reflux. The toluene isdecanted off and the procedure is repeated with another 100 mL oftoluene. The balance of the toluene is removed using a rotoevaporator.After drying overnight at 0.05 mm, RT, 2.4 g. a light blue solid (III)results, 88% yield. Ion Spray Mass Spectroscopy shows one major peak at396 mu corresponding to [Mn(C₄-Bcyclam)(formate)]⁺.

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of [Mn(Bz-Bcyclam)Cl₂] whereBz-Bcyclam=5-benzyl-12-methyl-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane

[0072]

[0073] (a) Bz-Bcyclam Synthesis

[0074] The macrocycle is synthesized similarly to the C₄-Bcyclamsynthesis described above, except that benzyl bromide is used in placeof the 1-iodobutane in step (B) of the instant process. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃)27.6, 28.4, 43.0, 52.1, 52.2, 54.4, 55.6, 56.4, 56.5, 56.9, 57.3, 57.8,60.2, 60.3, 126.7, 128.0, 129.1, 141.0 ppm. Mass Spec. (MH⁺, 331).

[0075] (b) [Mn(Bz-Bcyclam)Cl₂] Synthesis

[0076] This complex is made similarly to the [Mn(C₄-Bcyclam)Cl₂]synthesis described above except that Bz-Bcyclam is used in place of theC₄-Bcyclam. Ion Spray Mass Spectroscopy shows one major peak at 430 mucorresponding to [Mn(Bz-Bcyclam)(formate)]⁺.

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of [Mn(C₈ -Bcyclam)Cl₂] whereC₈-Bcyclam=5-n-octyl-12-methyl-15,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane

[0077]

[0078] (a) C₈-Bcyclam Synthesis:

[0079] This ligand is synthesized similarly to the C₄-Bcyclam synthesisdescribed above except that 1-iodooctane is used in place of the1-iodobutane. Mass Spec. (MH⁺, 353).

[0080] (b) [Mn(C₈-Bcyclam)Cl₂] Synthesis

[0081] This complex is made similarly to the [Mn(C₄-Bcyclam)Cl₂]synthesis described above except that C₈-Bcyclam is used in place of theC₄-Bcyclam.

[0082] Ion Spray Mass Spectroscopy shows one major peak at 452 mucorresponding to [Mn(B₈-Bcyclam)(formate)]⁺.

EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis of [Mn(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl₂] whereH₂-Bcyclam=1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane

[0083]

[0084] The H₂-Bcyclam is synthesized similarly to the C₄-Bcyclamsynthesis described above except that benzyl bromide is used in place ofthe 1-iodobutane and the methyl iodide. The benzyl groups are removed bycatalytic hydrogenation. Thus, the resulting5,12-dibenzyl-1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane and 10% Pd oncharcoal is dissolved in 85% acetic acid. This solution is stirred 3days at room temperature under 1 atm. of hydrogen gas. The solution isfiltered though a 0.2 micron filter under vacuum. After evaporation ofsolvent using a rotary evaporator, the product is obtained as acolorless oil. Yield: 90⁺%.

[0085] The Mn complex is made similarly to the [Mn(Bcyclam)Cl₂]synthesis described hereinabove except that the that H₂-Bcyclam is usedin place of the Bcyclam.

[0086] Elemental Analysis: % C, 40.92; % H, 7.44; % N, 15.91;theoretical for [Mn(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl₂], MnC₁₂H₂₆N₄Cl₂, MW=352.2. Found: %C, 41.00; % H, 7.60; % N, 15.80. FAB+ Mass Spectroscopy shows one majorpeak at 317 mu corresponding to [Mn(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl]⁺ and another minorpeak at 352 mu corresponding to [Mn(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl₂]⁺.

EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis of [Fe(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl₂] whereH₂-Bcyclam=1,5,8,12-tetraaza-bicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane

[0087]

[0088] The Fe complex is made similarly to the [Mn(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl₂]synthesis described hereinabove except that the that anhydrous FeCl₂ isused in place of the MnCl₂.

[0089] Elemental Analysis: % C, 40.82; % H, 7.42; % N, 15.87;theoretical for [Fe(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl₂], FeC₁₂H₂₆N₄Cl₂, MW=353.1. Found: %C, 39.29; % H, 7.49; % N, 15.00. FAB+Mass Spectroscopy shows one majorpeak at 318 mu corresponding to [Fe(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl]⁺ and another minorpeak at 353 mu corresponding to [Fe(H₂-Bcyclam)Cl₂]⁺.

EXAMPLE 16

[0090] Synthesis of:

[0091]Chloro-20-methyl-1,9,20,24,25-pentaaza-tetracyclo[7.7.7.1^(3,7).1^(11,15).]pentacosa-3,5,7(24),11,13,15(25)-hexaenemanganese(II) hexafluorophosphate, 7(b);

[0092] Trifluoromethanesulfono-20-methyl-1,9,20,24,25-pentaazatetracyclo[7.7.7.1^(3,7).1^(11,15).]pentacosa-3,5,7(24),11,13,15(25)-hexaenemanganese(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate, 7(c) andThiocyanato-20-methyl-1,9,20,24,25-pentaaza-tetracyclo[7.7.7.1^(3,7).1^(11,15).]pentacosa-3,5,7(24),11,13,15(25)-hexaeneiron(II) thiocyanate, 7(d)

[0093] (a) Synthesis of the ligand

[0094]20-methyl-1,9,20,24,25-pentaaza-tetracyclo[7.7.7.1^(3,7).1^(11,15).]pentacosa-3,5,7(24),11,13,15(25)-hexaene

[0095] The ligand 7-methyl-3, 7, 11,17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1¹⁷]heptadeca-1(17), 13, 15-triene issynthesized by the literature procedure of K. P. Balakrishnan et al., J.Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1990, 2965.

[0096] 7-methyl-3, 7, 11, 17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1¹⁷]heptadeca-1(17),13, 15-triene (1.49 g, 6 mmol) andO,O′-bis(methanesulfonate)-2,6-pyridine dimethanol (1.77 g, 6 mmol) areseparately dissolved in acetonitrile (60 ml). They are then added via asyringe pump (at a rate of 1.2 ml/hour) to a suspension of anhydroussodium carbonate (53 g, 0.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (1380 ml). Thetemperature of the reaction is maintained at 65° C. throughout the totalreaction of 60 hours.

[0097] After cooling, the solvent is removed under reduced pressure andthe residue is dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution (200 ml, 4M). Theproduct is then extracted with benzene (6 times 100 ml) and the combinedorganic extracts are dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Afterfiltration the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The product isthen dissolved in an acetonitrile/triethylamine mixture (95:5) and ispassed through a column of neutral alumina (2.5×12 cm). Removal of thesolvent yields a white solid (0.93 g, 44%).

[0098] This product may be further purified by recrystallization from anethanol/diethylether mixture combined with cooling at 0° C. overnight toyield a white crystalline solid.

[0099] Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₉N₅: C, 71.75; H, 8.32; N, 19.93. Found: C,71.41; H, 8.00; N, 20.00. A mass spectrum displays the expectedmolecular ion peak [for C₂₁H₃₀N₅]⁺ at m/z=352. The ¹H NMR(400 MHz, inCD₃CN) spectrum exhibits peaks at δ=1.81 (m,4H); 2.19 (s, 3H); 2.56 (t,4H); 3.52 (t,4H); 3.68 (AB, 4H), 4.13 (AB, 4H), 6.53 (d, 4H) and 7.07(t, 2H). The ¹³C NMR(75.6 MHz, in CD₃CN) spectrum shows eight peaks atδ=24.05, 58.52, 60.95, 62.94, 121.5, 137.44 and 159.33 ppm.

[0100] All metal complexation reactions are performed in an inertatmosphere glovebox using distilled and degassed solvents.

[0101] (b) Complexation of the ligand L₁ with bis(pyridine) manganese(II) chloride

[0102] Bis(pyridine)manganese (II) chloride is synthesized according tothe literature procedure of H. T. Witteveen et al., J. Inorg. Nucl.Chem., 1974, 36, 1535.

[0103] The ligand L₁ (1.24 g, 3.5 mmol), triethylamine(0.35 g, 3.5 mmol)and sodium hexafluorophosphate (0.588 g, 3.5 mmol) are dissolved inpyridine (12 ml). To this is added bis(pyridine)manganese (II) chlorideand the reaction is stirred overnight. The reaction is then filtered toremove a white solid. This solid is washed with acetonitrile until thewashings are no longer colored and then the combined organic filtratesare evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in theminimum amount of acetonitrile and allowed to evaporate overnight toproduce bright red crystals. Yield: 0.8 g (39%).

[0104] Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₃₁N₅Mn₁Cl₁P₁F₆: C, 43.00; H, 4.99 and N,11.95. Found: C, 42.88; H, 4.80 and N 11.86. A mass spectrum displaysthe expected molecular ion peak [for C₂₁H₃₁N₅Mn₁Cl₁] at m/z=441. Theelectronic spectrum of a dilute solution in water exhibits twoabsorption bands at 260 and 414 nm (ε=1.47×10³ and 773 M⁻¹cm⁻¹respectively). The IR spectrum (KBr) of the complex shows a band at1600cm⁻¹ (pyridine), and strong bands at 840 and 558 cm⁻¹ (PF₆ ⁻).

[0105] (c) Complexation of the ligand with manganese (II)trifluoromethanesulfonate

[0106] Manganese (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate is prepared by theliterature procedure of Bryan and Dabrowiak, Inorg. Chem., 1975, 14,297.

[0107] Manganese (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.883 g, 2.5 mmol) isdissolved in acetonitrile (5 ml). This is added to a solution of theligand L₁(0.878 g, 2.5 mmol) and triethylamine (0.25 g, 2.5 mmol) inacetonitrile (5 ml). This is then heated for two hours before filteringand then after cooling removal of the solvent under reduced pressure.The residue is dissolved in a minimum amount of acetonitrile and left toevaporate slowly to yield orange crystals. Yield 1.06 g (60%).

[0108] Anal. Calc. for Mn₁C₂₃H₂₉N₅S₂F₆O₆: C, 39.20; H, 4.15 and N, 9.95.Found: C, 38.83; H, 4.35 and N, 10.10. The mass spectrum displays theexpected peak for [Mn₁C₂₂H₂₉N₅S₁F₃O₃]⁺ at m/z=555. The electronicspectrum of a dilute solution in water exhibits two absorption bands at260 and 412 nm (ε=9733 and 607 M⁻¹cm⁻¹ respectively). The IR spectrum(KBr) of the complex shows a band at 1600 cm⁻¹ (pyridine) and 1260, 1160and 1030cm⁻¹(CF₃SO₃).

[0109] (d) Complexation of the ligand with iron (II)trifluoromethanesulfonate

[0110] Iron (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate is prepared in situ by theliterature procedure Tait and Busch, Inorg. Synth., 1978, XVIII, 7.

[0111] The ligand (0.833 g, 2.5 mmol) and triethylamine (0.505 g, 5mmol) are dissolved in acetonitrile (5 ml). To this is added a solutionof hexakis(acetonitrile) iron (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.5 g, 2.5mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml) to yield a dark red solution. Sodiumthiocyanate (0.406 g, 5 mmol) is then added and the reaction stirred fora further hour. The solvent is then removed under reduced pressure andthe resulting solid is recrystallized from methanol to produce redmicrocrystals. Yield: 0.65 g (50%).

[0112] Anal. Calc. for Fe₁C₂₃H₂₉N₇S₂:C, 52.76; H, 5.59 and N, 18.74.Found: C 52.96; H, 5.53; N, 18.55. A mass spectrum displays the expectedmolecular ion peak [for Fe₁C₂₂H₂₉N₆S₁]⁺ at m/z=465. The ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃CN) δ=1.70(AB,2H), 2.0 (AB,2H), 2.24 (s,3H), 2.39 (m,2H), 2.70(m,4H), 3.68 (m,4H), 3.95 (m,4H), 4.2 (AB,2H), 7.09 (d,2H), 7.19 (d,2H),7.52 (t,1H), 7.61 (d,1H). The IR spectrum (KBr) of the spectrum showspeaks at 1608 cm⁻¹(pyridine) and strong peaks at 2099 and2037cm⁻¹(SCN⁻).

[0113] The metal complexes can be used in detergents, for example byadding about 0.05% of complex to a granular detergent containing 10%sodium perborate, to improve bleaching.

[0114] Purification of Catalyst

[0115] In general, the state of purity of the transition-metal oxidationcatalyst of Example 9 can vary, provided that any impurities, such asbyproducts of the synthesis, free ligand(s), unreacted transition-metalsalt precursors, colloidal organic or inorganic particles, and the like,are not present in amounts which substantially decrease the utility ofthe transition-metal oxidation catalyst. It has been discovered to bedesirable that the transition-metal oxidation catalyst should bepurified. This can be done using any suitable means, such that thecatalyst does not excessively consume available oxygen (AvO). ExcessiveAvO consumption is defined as including any instance of exponentialdecrease in AvO levels of bleaching, oxidizing or catalyzing solutionswith time at 20-40° C. Preferred transition-metal oxidation catalysts,whether purified or not, when placed into dilute aqueous bufferedalkaline solution at a pH of about 9 (carbonate/bicarbonate buffer) attemperatures of about 40° C., have a relatively steady decrease in AvOlevels with time; in preferred cases, this rate of decrease is linear orapproximately linear. In the preferred embodiments, there is a rate ofAvO consumption at 40 deg C. given by a slope of a graph of % AvO vs.time (in sec.) (hereinafter “AvO slope”) of from about −0.0050 to about−0.0500, more preferably −0.0100 to about −0.0200. Thus, a preferredMn(II) oxidation catalyst has an AvO slope of from about −0.0140 toabout −0.0182; in contrast, a somewhat less preferred transition metaloxidation catalyst has an AvO slope of −0.0286.

[0116] Preferred methods for determining AvO consumption in aqueoussolutions of transition metal oxidation catalysts herein include thewell-known iodometric method or its variants, such as methods commonlyapplied for hydrogen peroxide. See, for example, Organic Peroxides, Vol.2., D. Swern (Ed.,), Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971, for example thetable at p. 585 and references therein including P. D. Bartlett and R.Altscul, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 67, 812 (1945) and W. E. Cass, J. Amer.Chem. Soc., 68, 1976 (1946). Accelerators such as ammonium molybdate canbe used. The general procedure used herein is to prepare an aqueoussolution of catalyst and hydrogen peroxide in a mild alkaline buffer,for example carbonate/bicarbonate at pH 9, and to monitor theconsumption of hydrogen peroxide by periodic removal of aliquots of thesolution which are “stopped” from further loss of hydrogen peroxide byacidification using glacial acetic acid, preferably with chilling (ice).These aliquots can then be analyzed by reaction with potassium iodide,optionally but sometimes preferably using ammonium molybdate (especiallylow-impurity molybdate, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,701) toaccelerate complete reaction, followed by back-titratation using sodiumthiosulfate. Other variations of analytical procedure can be used, suchas thermometric procedures, potential buffer methods (Ishibashi et al.,Anal. Chim. Acta (1992), 261(1-2), 405-10) or photometric procedures fordetermination of hydrogen peroxide (EP 485,000 A2, May 13, 1992).Variations of methods permitting fractional determinations, for exampleof peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, in presence or absence of theinstant transition-metal oxidation catalysts are also useful; see, forexample JP 92-303215, Oct. 16, 1992.

[0117] In another embodiment of the present invention, there areencompassed laundry and cleaning compositions incorporatingtransition-metal oxidation catalysts which have been purified to theextent of having a differential AvO loss reduction, relative to theuntreated catalyst, of at least about 10% (units here are dimensionlesssince they represent the ratio of the AvO slope of the treatedtransition-metal oxidation catalyst over the AvO slope for the untreatedtransition metal oxidation catalyst—effectively a ratio of AvO's). Inother terms, the AvO slope is improved by purification so as to bring itinto the above-identified preferred ranges.

[0118] In yet another embodiment of the instant invention, two processeshave been identified which are particularly effective in improving thesuitability of transition-metal oxidation catalysts, as synthesized, forincorporation into laundry and cleaning products or for other usefuloxidation catalysis applications.

[0119] One such process is any process having a step of treating thetransition-metal oxidation catalyst, as prepared, by extracting thetransition-metal oxidation catalyst, in solid form, with an aromatichydrocarbon solvent; suitable solvents are oxidation-stable underconditions of use and include benzene and toluene, preferably toluene.Surprisingly, toluene extraction can measurably improve the AvO slope(see disclosure hereinabove).

[0120] Another process which can be used to improve the AvO slope of thetransition metal oxidation catalyst is to filter a solution thereofusing any suitable filtration means for removing small or colloidalparticles. Such means include the use of fine-pore filters;centrifugation; or coagulation of the colloidal solids.

[0121] In more detail, a full procedure for purifying a transition-metaloxidation catalyst herein can include:

[0122] (a) dissolving the transition-metal oxidation catalyst, asprepared, in hot acetonitrile;

[0123] (b) filtering the resulting solution hot, e.g., at about 70° C.,through glass microfibers (for example glass microfiber filter paperavailable from Whatman);

[0124] (c) if desired, filtering the solution of the first filtrationthrough a 0.2 micron membrane, (for example, a 0.2 micron filtercommercially available from Millipore), or centrifuging, wherebycolloidal particles are removed;

[0125] (d) evaporating the solution of the second filtration to dryness;

[0126] (e) washing the solids of step (d) with toluene, for example fivetimes using toluene in an amount which is double the volume of theoxidation catalyst solids;

[0127] (f) drying the product of step (e).

[0128] Another procedure which can be used, in any convenientcombination with aromatic solvent washes and/or removal of fineparticles is recrystallization. Recrystallization, for example of Mn(II)Bcyclam chloride transition-metal oxidation catalyst, can be done fromhot acetonitrile. Recrystallization can have its disadvantages, forexample it may on occasion be more costly.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for preparing a cross-bridgedmacropolycycle comprising a series of steps of derivatizing cyclam or aparticular acyclic tetraamine, wherein said series of steps is carriedout using one solvent system.
 2. A method according to claim 1 whereinsaid solvent system is an alcoholic solvent system.
 3. A methodaccording to claim 1 wherein said solvent system comprises from about60% to 100% of a C1-C4 alcohol or mixtures thereof.
 4. A methodaccording to claim 1 wherein said solvent system is ethanol or mixturesof ethanol with water.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein saidseries of steps are all carried out in one reaction vessel.
 6. A methodfor preparing a cross-bridged macropolycycle comprising a series ofsteps of derivatizing cyclam or a particular acyclic tetraamineincluding a step of quaternizing an intermediate using a quaternizingagent, wherein said step is carried out using less than fifteen-fold ofsaid quaternizing agent.
 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein saidstep is carried out using less than ten-fold of said quaternizing agent.8. A method according to claim 6 wherein said step is carried out usingfrom five-fold to ten-fold of said quaternizing agent.
 9. A methodaccording to claim 8 wherein said quaternizing agent is selected fromthe group consisting of methyl iodide, methyl tosylate, and dimethylsulfate.
 10. A method for preparing a cross-bridged macropolycycleaccording to claim 1 comprising a series of steps of derivatizing cyclamor a particular acyclic tetraamine including a step of reducing adiquaternized intermediate, wherein said step is carried out using anamount less than fifteen-fold of reducing agent.
 11. A method forpreparing a cross-bridged macropolycycle comprising a series of steps ofderivatizing cyclam or a particular acyclic tetraamine including a stepof reducing a diquaternized intermediate, wherein said step is carriedout using an amount of less than fifteen-fold of reducing agent.
 12. Amethod according to claim 11 wherein said reducing agent is anon-catalytic reducing agent.
 13. A method according to claim 12 whereinsaid reducing agent is a hydride compound.
 14. A method according toclaim 13 wherein said hydride compound is a borohydride.
 15. A methodaccording to claim 14 wherein said borohydride compound is selected fromthe group consisting of sodium borohydride and potassium borohydride.16. A method according to claim 15 wherein said borohydride compound ispotassium borohydride.
 17. A method for preparing a cross-bridgedmacropolycycle, said method comprising derivatizing cyclam or aparticular acyclic tetraamine by a series of steps including:quaternizing an intermediate using a quaternizing agent, wherein saidstep is carried out using less than fifteen-fold of said quaternizingagent; and reducing a diquaternized intermediate, wherein said step iscarried out using an amount of less than fifteen-fold of reducing agent;and wherein further said series of steps is carried out using onesolvent system.
 18. A method according to claim 17, carried out in theabsence of any step of vacuum distilling an intermediate.
 19. A methodaccording to claim 17, carried out at or below 50° C.
 20. A methodaccording to claim 17, wherein said quaternization and reduction stepsare carried out at the temperatures of from ambient temperature to 50°C.
 21. A method according to claim 17 wherein all of said steps arecarried out at concentrations of the reactants of 7% or higher in totalof the sum of reactants plus solvent.
 22. A method according to claim 17wherein all of said steps are carried out at concentrations of thereactants exceeding 15% in total of the sum of reactants plus solvent.23. A method according to claim 14 in which sodium ion is substantiallyabsent.
 24. A method for producing a complex of Mn and a cross-bridgedmacropolycyclic ligand, said method comprising reacting with manganouschloride a cross-bridged macropolycycle.
 25. A method for producing acomplex of Mn and a cross-bridged macropolycyclic ligand, said methodcomprising reacting a cross-bridged macropolycycle with MnCl₂ which hasbeen produced by an anhydrous reaction of manganese metal with achlorinating agent.
 26. A method according to claim 24, conducted in anonaqueous solvent.
 27. A method according to claim 25, conducted in anonaqueous solvent.
 28. A method for preparing a transition metalcomplex of a cross-bridged macropolycycle comprising a series of stepsof (A) forming a bisaminal from an acyclic amine; (B) forming a diquatderivative of said bisaminal; (C) reducing said diquat derivative; (D)separating reducing agent and solvent from the product of step (C) inone or more operations; (E) removing residual hydride from the productof (D); (F) isolating a cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle product ofsteps (A)-(E); and (G) reacting the product of step (F) with atransition-metal, thereby forming a transition-metal complex useful as acatalyst in detergent compositions.